According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Yearbook 2026 published in June, India has operationally deployed 12 nuclear warheads for the first time. This marks a significant departure from decades of cautious policy where India strictly stockpiled warheads and delivery systems in separate locations.
The newly deployed warheads are believed to be nested within its nuclear submarines and potentially underground missile silos to shorten reaction times. The assessment highlights that India’s total estimated inventory has risen from 180 warheads last year to 190 currently.
The report claims that this is the first time part of India’s arsenal has been classified as operationally deployed rather than just stockpiled. This shift signals the maturation of India’s sea-based deterrent (such as its Arihant-class submarines) and heightened readiness to counter rapidly expanding arsenals in the region (such as that of China, for instance).
By deploying a small number of warheads (12 out of 190, as per SIPRI) on a ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) and conducting deterrence patrols, India seems to have achieved “continuous at-Sea deterrence,” a military strategy where a country keeps at least one nuclear-armed SSBN continuously patrolling the oceans undetected.
Despite this operational shift in posture, India maintains its foundational No-First-Use (NFU) doctrine. India’s capability is designed purely to deter potential aggressors rather than engage in an arms race.
India faces a uniquely fraught security environment, with two nuclear‑armed neighbors. New Delhi has ongoing territorial disputes and a history of war with both of them. It is therefore important to understand how India’s deployment compares with the nuclear postures of China and Pakistan.
China’s nuclear weapons program
China possesses the world’s third-largest nuclear arsenal, with an estimated stockpile of over 620 warheads, SIPRI estimates. The program is undergoing a rapid modernization and expansion, shifting from a historical policy of “minimal deterrence” to a robust nuclear triad. China could potentially have at least as many ICBMs as either Russia or the USA by 2030, depending on how it decides to structure its forces. China’s land-based ICBMs include missiles such as the DF-5B and the highly mobile DF-41. Hundreds of new missile silos have been constructed in remote regions to improve the survivability of forces.
The PLA Navy operates a fleet of Type 094 (Jin-class) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines armed with Julang-3 missiles. The PLA Air Force deploys the H-6N, an intermediate-range, nuclear-capable bomber. Since its first nuclear test in 1964, China has maintained NFU as the official policy.
The primary purpose of China’s modernization is to ensure a secure “second-strike” capability. Experts report that elements of China’s nuclear forces have moved towards a launch-on-warning posture, meaning they are ready to retaliate while incoming missiles are still in flight rather than waiting for them to detonate. China continues to upgrade its supporting infrastructure, including plutonium production capabilities and advanced explosive testing facilities.
Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program
Pakistan possesses an estimated 170 nuclear warheads, making it the sixth-largest nuclear-armed state globally, the SPIRI report shows. Initiated in 1972, its nuclear weapons program was a response to regional tensions with New Delhi. Pakistan, like India, is not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Islamabad’s nuclear strategy is based on “full-spectrum deterrence,” designed primarily to counter conventional military threats. Pakistan, moreover, does not maintain an NFU posture.
Its arsenal is deployed across a nuclear triad of land, air, and sea capabilities. A diverse range of ballistic and cruise missiles, including the Shaheen-III, which has a maximum range of 2,750 kilometers. Dual-capable aircraft such as the F-16 and Mirage III/V, supplemented by air-launched cruise missiles like the Ra’ad are the Air Vector. Submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCMs) are in development to solidify a robust sea-based second-strike capability. Storage of its nuclear payloads are well spread at different locations. The program’s historical development was notably aided by nuclear technology procurement networks established by metallurgist Abdul Qadeer Khan.
India’s nuclear triad
India’s nuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure that allows the country to launch nuclear strikes from land, air, and sea. Fully operational since 2018, the triad underpins India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum deterrence (CMD) and its NFU policy.
The land leg forms the backbone of India’s strategic deterrence and relies heavily on the indigenous Agni series of surface-to-surface ballistic missiles. Agni-V is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range exceeding 5,000 km and capable of reaching targets deep within Asia and Europe. It is canister-launched, providing high mobility and quick response times. The Agni-P and Agni-IV are advanced intermediate-range missiles ensuring complete coverage of the immediate region.
The air-based component (aircraft) provide flexible deployment and yield options. India’s airborne nuclear delivery is spearheaded by multi-role fighter-bombers equipped with nuclear gravity bombs or standoff missiles. The French-origin twin-engine multirole Rafale fighters are the primary modern strike aircraft for this mission. Mirage 2000 and Jaguar supersonic fighter jets have been historically configured for nuclear weapon delivery.
The sea leg is the most survivable and secretive part of the triad, ensuring India retains a robust second-strike capability even if land and air bases are destroyed. The fleet consists of indigenous Arihant-class Ship Submersible Ballistic Nuclear (SSBN) submarines. Arihant, India’s first indigenous SSBN, was commissioned in 2016 and successfully deployed on deterrence patrols. It is armed with K-15 Sagarika Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs, 750 km range).
In 2024, India commissioned another nuclear submarine, the INS Arighaat, to strengthen the sea-based deterrent. The third SSBN, INS Aridhaman, was quietly commissioned in April 2026. It is equipped to carry the longer-range K-4 SLBMs (3,500 km range), drastically expanding India’s strategic reach from the ocean.
Russia – and before it, the Soviet Union – has been India’s principal external partner in both its conventional and nuclear submarine journey, providing technology, training and long-term lease arrangements that helped lay the foundation for India’s indigenous undersea deterrent.
This partnership began with the lease of INS Chakra I, a Charlie-class nuclear attack submarine, from 1988 to 1991, followed by INS Chakra II, an Akula-class SSN leased from 2012 to 2021. The planned induction of INS Chakra III, another Akula-class submarine under a $3 billion, ten-year lease deal, has been delayed as the vessel undergoes deep modernization in Russia.
Beyond leasing, Russian assistance played a direct role in shaping India’s Arihant-class submarines, particularly in the development of their pressurized water reactors, where Russian expertise and design support helped India overcome major engineering challenges in naval nuclear propulsion. Russian specialists also trained Indian crews near St. Petersburg and Vladivostok, giving the Indian Navy critical experience in operating nuclear-powered submarines and enabling it to develop both its sea-based nuclear doctrine and its own indigenous SSN program.
Pillars of India’s nuclear doctrine
New Delhi’s nuclear doctrine, formalized and released in 2003, is anchored on two core pillars: a strict NFU policy and a posture of CMD. It emphasizes civilian command, massive retaliatory strikes, and a commitment to global nuclear disarmament.
India has committed to only using nuclear weapons in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory or on Indian forces anywhere. For the CMD India maintains an arsenal sufficient only to deter adversaries from attacking. The objective is to ensure “unacceptable damage” in a retaliatory second strike. If deterrence fails and India is subjected to a nuclear strike, the retaliation is designed to be massive and inflict damage unacceptable to the aggressor.
India will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against states that do not possess nuclear weapons. However, India explicitly reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in the event of a major attack on India or its forces using biological or chemical weapons.
India maintains a stringent policy of export controls regarding nuclear and missile-related technologies and remains committed to non-proliferation.
Until now, only the five “official” nuclear weapons powers (the US, Russia, China, UK, and France) had “deployed” nuclear weapons. Even as New Delhi’s doctrine remains unchanged on paper, its nuclear posture is quietly shifting towards greater deployment and readiness, driven by new technology, a maturing submarine force, and the pressures of China’s rapid arsenal expansion.
Security of India’s nuclear assets
India’s Strategic Forces Command (SFC) is an integrated tri-service command responsible for the management, administration, and execution of the country’s tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile. Operating under the Nuclear Command Authority (NCA), it ensures operational readiness and implements all nuclear contingency plans. NCA has the ultimate operational control and the authorization to use nuclear weapons lie exclusively with the civilian political leadership. The NCA includes a Political Council, chaired by the prime minister, and an Executive Council, chaired by the national security advisor.
For a long time, India kept the core components of its nuclear weapons and their delivery assemblies separate – one under the Department of Atomic Energy and the other under the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO). These “de-mated” weapons were likely stored at five centralized locations rather than at bases housing operational forces. They would be mated and handed over to the Strategic Forces Command only after authorization by the Nuclear Command Authority, for deployment on missiles or aircraft.
This system incorporated multiple layers of security, including authorization codes at each stage, and was designed to work quickly if a nuclear emergency ever arose. But while the arrangement was secure and well-tested, it was less suited to rapid response. That is where the need for mated weapons began to emerge.
A nuclear-powered submarine can remain underwater for extremely long periods, limited mainly by its reactor cycle and food supplies. The warheads it carries are kept mated. Operating hundreds, and often thousands, of kilometers from home, such submarines rely, once submerged, only on the transmission of target data and authorization codes through Very Low Frequency (VLF) systems.
Strengthening nuclear deterrence
Given its no-first-use (NFU) policy, India must ensure that no surprise attack can neutralize its relatively limited arsenal – especially when compared with the thousands of warheads held by the US and Russia, and the hundreds possessed by China. Some analysts argue that it may be time for India to revisit its NFU posture. China, for example, has long maintained an NFU policy on paper, but is now rapidly expanding and modernizing its arsenal. By that logic, survivability depends not just on doctrine but on numbers and capability, and some believe India may ultimately need an arsenal of around 500 warheads.
India’s next phase of nuclear development is centered on modernizing delivery platforms, expanding warhead stockpiles, and strengthening the survivability of its command-and-control systems in response to changing regional threats.
The sea leg is increasingly becoming the backbone of India’s second-strike capability, with stretched Arihant-class submarines entering service and a much larger S-5 class under development. India has also been testing Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs), which allow a single missile to carry several warheads aimed at different targets, significantly improving its ability to penetrate missile defenses.
To preserve a credible NFU posture in an era of faster and more precise adversary technologies, India is prioritizing redundant, secure communications and peacetime patrols for its naval nuclear platforms. Other advanced systems – such as Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems (FOBS), hypersonic glide vehicles and hypersonic cruise missiles – remain in the early stages of development. Even so, India is strengthening its nuclear deterrent slowly, but steadily.
The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT.