The empire’s last aces: Russia in the skies of World War I
When we think of WWI-era aviation, what usually comes to mind is the ‘Red Baron’ and Zeppelin raids—in short, most people think of the Western Front in all its fury. However, few people know that during the First World War, Russia was waging its own aerial war, full of challenges and drama.
Dreaming of the skies
Aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky didn’t plan to build a bomber. What he designed was a luxury passenger airliner—a flying hotel with four 100-horsepower engines, a lounge and bedroom. The interior of the plane was heated by an ingenious design that channeled exhaust gases from the engines into a special pipe. The plane even had balconies.In 1914, the aircraft was stripped of all its luxury and transformed into the Ilya Muromets- type long-range bomber. War broke out and Russia repurposed everything for the needs of the army.
The development of Russian aviation started even before WWI. In the fall of 1911, a dozen aircraft and an airship took part in exercises in the Warsaw Military District (Poland was then part of Russia). The aircraft were used for reconnaissance and communications. The result was quite impressive: the aviators accurately reported the location of the simulated enemy. Soon enough, they had to fight a real enemy. In 1912, the Russians sent a detachment to fight the Turks jointly with the Bulgarian forces. Experiments with light aerial bombs were carried out at this time. In short, a foundation for the development of aviation was laid.
In general, aircraft development progressed quickly in Russia. Foreign aircraft were assembled under license, and later, Russians began experimenting with constructing their own aircraft models. Russian aviation was very lucky to have an influential lobbyist. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, the first cousin once removed of Russian Emperor Nicholas II, was very fond of aeronautics and actively advocated for the establishment of aviation schools, the purchase of aircraft, and the development of aviation. Before the war, the Russian Imperial Air Force had 244 aircraft and 300 pilots; this was the largest air force among the belligerent powers.
Russia’s main problem during the time (and in fact, this challenge persists to this day) is that it had plenty of bright minds capable of understanding the benefits of aviation; it had original designs and small-scale production of unique aircraft. However, it lacked the industrial base to create a large, continuously replenished air fleet, one that would be resilient to losses and that could decisively influence the course of military operations.
At the beginning of the war, the Russian air force was organized into corps-based aviation detachments. At first, airplanes had to compete with aerostats: the army command considered the latter the primary means of aerial reconnaissance. In fact, there was initially a prejudice against aviators. One of the tragedies of the early days of the war—the defeat of the Russian 2nd Army in East Prussia—was partly due to General Samsonov’s mistrust of aerial reconnaissance. Having received a warning from pilots about a German force on his flank, he ignored it and instead chose to believe the intelligence, which did not confirm this information. The outcome was tragic; despite possessing a formidable new weapon, the commander failed to utilize its capabilities.
However, aviation firmly established itself in the battle formations. The Russian army quickly adopted aerial photography and less conservative military commanders made good use of it.
Specially-designed fighter aircraft did not yet exist. If pilots from hostile nations met in the air, they could only fire at each other from pistols. Staff Captain Pyotr Nesterov became a landmark figure in Russian aviation for achieving the first aerial ramming. Nesterov hoped to survive this feat, but the airplanes of the time were too fragile; as his landing gear hit the wing of the Austrian Albatross aircraft, his plane’s engine broke off. Aleksandr Kozakov was more fortunate. This pilot attempted to attach a grappling hook to his aircraft: it dangled beneath, posing a danger to the plane. However, Kozakov managed to hit the enemy with the propeller and then made it back to the airfield. He became the first pilot to survive an attempt to ram his aircraft into another airplane.
The primary losses were due to the rapid wear and tear of the aircraft. The planes were unreliable and often malfunctioned even without any contact with the enemy. The weakness of the industrial base also took its toll: in 1915, factories supplied only 157 aircraft to the army. Because of this, repairmen had to resort to tricks to get existing aircraft to fly, and, when possible, pilots used captured aircraft.
Being a Russian pilot at the time was, to put it mildly, no sinecure. By the beginning of 1915, 33 pilots had died. Due to their design and low ceiling, the aircraft were often hit by artillery or even infantry fire.
In the midst of battle
In 1915, the resources of the Russian air force were stretched to the limit. The Germans shifted the bulk of their efforts to the Eastern Front, and the Russian army was forced into the Great Retreat. The army suffered heavy losses and abandoned Poland and Galicia, retreating eastward. Aviation softened the blow and helped predict the site of the attacks, thereby at least preventing the encirclement of ground units. By this stage, the war had turned into a never-ending series of trench assaults, and the cavalry was no longer useful as a reconnaissance force. Pilots, however, could detect enemy defenses from the air and track movements in the enemy’s rear.
There was a shortage of pilots, and the air force was replenished with some unusual figures. For example, the only black Russian aviator, Marcel Pliat, served on Ilya Muromets bombers. He was born in Polynesia, came to Russia by chance, and settled in the country. When the war began, he became a mechanic and gunner on a bomber. Several times, the agile Polynesian climbed onto the wing right in the middle of the flight to repair damage to his airplane, and in the fall of 1916, he shot down two German aircraft in a single battle. By the end of the war, he was awarded two St. George Crosses – Russia’s highest awards for bravery in combat.
Air combat was still rare at the time. Most often, a pilot carried a pistol or carbine. Ilya Muromets bombers were the only exception – these heavy bombers could carry heavy loads. They weren’t agile, which could prove fatal during combat with fighter aircraft, but the crew carried several light machine guns. Equipped with Lewis and Madsen light machine guns, the Russian bombers turned into flying batteries. During the war, Ilya Muromets bombers brought down an impressive number of enemy aircraft while only one bomber was destroyed directly by enemy fire.
Around the same time, Lieutenant Pokrovsky and Cornet Plonsky scored a victory reminiscent of the Indiana Jones films or ‘TaleSpin’. The duo approached an Austrian airplane and began firing at it with Mauser pistols. The Austrians surrendered shortly afterward and landed within Russian-controlled lines. This is an extremely rare example of victory in aerial combat achieved by means of a pistol.
1915 saw the widespread installation of machine guns on airplanes. That summer, a notable air duel occurred between Ensign Ivanov accompanied by observer Lieutenant Alekseyev, and an Austrian aircraft over Ternopil (present-day western Ukraine). The pilots approached each other, exchanged fire, and retreated; during the pauses, the Russians and Austrians exchanged greetings. Finally, the Austrian plane caught fire and crashed over Russian-held territory. A day later, the Russians dropped a photo on an Austrian airfield: the fallen Austrian pilots were buried with full military honors, and, according to military aviation custom, with propellers placed on their graves.
The Russian air fleet remained small. By the end of 1915, only 322 operational aircraft were at the front. There were significantly fewer airplanes than in the West, and the Russian pilots bore a heavier burden of war, since the planes were expected to provide as much support as possible to the bleeding ground forces.
The Ilya Muromets bomber vividly demonstrates both the success and failure of the Imperial Russian Air Force. The four-engine long-range bomber, converted from a comfortable passenger airliner, proved to be a very capable aircraft. The Ilya Muromets performed well, and this prompted the Russian army to form the Squadron of Heavy Aircraft. Muromets bombers could fly at an altitude of about 3,000 meters, were out of reach of the anti-aircraft fire of the time, and bombed large stationary targets, from railway stations to airfields. It was very difficult to shoot the bomber down: the crew was armed with machine guns, and the aircraft flew at a high altitude. Moreover, it could survive even serious damage. Only two bombers were lost to enemy fire. However, technical malfunctioning due to wear and tear and other flight accidents were much more common. Repairs proved challenging, and only 80 Muromets bombers were produced during the war. Often only a dozen remained in service at the front, while the rest awaited repairs. Moreover, the majority of Russian aircraft were of Western design, and the aviation depended on supplies of components from Britain and France.
The last aces of the empire
1916 was marked by a massive offensive on the Southwestern Front. In Galicia, the Russians managed to shake the entire southern section of their front. The plan was to launch a simultaneous attack on several Austrian armies. One of the tactics that proved very useful to the Russians was aerial photography. The Russians had an artillery group, which wasn’t large enough to break through such an extended front. However, what they lacked in striking power, they made up for in accuracy. The positional front allowed them to devote considerable time to their work and make detailed, high-quality photographs of the Austrian positions. Accordingly, the artillerymen fired directly at well-known targets. The 1916 offensive was the Russian Army’s greatest success during the First World War, and in general one of the largest victories on the battlefields during WWI. And aviation played a huge role in this success.
The era left its mark on everything that concerned aviation. In those times, the pilot could not count on ejection, and the airplanes were easily damaged. On the other hand, pilots often made repairs right in the air. For example, during reconnaissance, second lieutenant Georgy Kovenko was attacked by a German Fokker aircraft and his plane suffered damage. Kovenko managed to plug the hole in his radiator pipe with a glove and tie it with a binocular strap, and made it to his airfield.
In 1916, fighter aircraft groups became a separate combat detachment in the Russian army. At the same time, a progressive organizational idea was implemented. Russian aviation was divided into air squads, and each squad was assigned to a formation of ground forces. In 1916, three air squads were joined to form the Combat Aviation Group (BAG). This fighter group was dispatched to dangerous areas. The group received new planes with machine guns capable of firing through the propeller. This made it much easier to fight. Gradually, Russian aviation adapted to the requirements of the time. The peculiar features of the Eastern Front remained the same: both sides had fewer airplanes compared to the Western Front, and the front was much longer. This meant that the role of the individual pilot was higher and a good aviator was often irreplaceable.
Biplanes were very unreliable. Over half of all the pilots who died perished due to technical aircraft failures; about a quarter died due to piloting errors and only about another quarter of the pilots were killed as a result of enemy actions. And yet, each day, these pilots rose into the sky to fight. Alas, it turned out to be a swan song: in 1917, the revolution broke out in Russia.
A characteristic episode occurred in the fall of 1917 between the best fighter pilot in Russia, Alexander Kozakov (the one who rammed into the enemy aircraft and survived to tell the story) and his colleague Ivan Pavlov. Kozakov congratulated Pavlov for taking down a German airplane, and said that if it had been in his power, he would have immediately promoted him to officer. Pavlov coldly replied, “No, thank you, officers are not in fashion now.” Pavlov soon joined the Red Army Air Force, which at first tried to completely abolish the old military hierarchy. Kozakov served in the White Army, and died as a result of an air crash that resembled suicide.
The Imperial Russian Air Service was established and effectively dissolved in the course of WWI – the only war in which it participated. In the next war, it was up to others to rise into the air and fight.
